#fundamentals

A headless browser is a full web browser (typically Chromium) that runs without any graphical user interface — no window, no tabs, no address bar — controllable entirely through code.

Function calling (also called tool use) is a capability that lets an LLM output structured commands — like get_weather(location='Cairo') — which your own code then executes, bridging the gap between what the model says and what it can do.

Web scraping is the automated process of extracting data from websites — reading the HTML structure of a page, parsing it, and turning the relevant pieces into structured information (CSV, JSON, database) that machines can use.